Sodium citrate (MW 294.10)
| 0.09 M | Dissolve 2.65 grams of sodium citrate to a final concentration of 100 ml with water. |
Sodium citrate/formaldehyde (for silver stained proteins)
Dissolve 5.0 grams of sodium citrate in 800 ml of water, add 5.0 ml of concentrated formalin (37% formaldehyde solution) and dilute to 1 liter with water.
Sodium deoxycholate (Deoxycholic acid, sodium salt MW 392.58)
| 0.15% (w/v) | Dissolve 150 mg of deoxycholic acid, sodium salt to a final volume of 100 ml with water. |
Sodium dithionite (Na
SO
· 2HO MW 242.16)
| .1 mg/ml | Dissolve 10 mg of sodium dithionite in 100 ml of water just prior to use. Alternatively, to reduce a solution, the dry powder can be added as needed. Sodium dithionite should be stored at -20 ° C . |
Sodium fluoride (NaF MW 42.0)
| 0.1 M | Dissolve 4.2 grams of NaF to a final volume of 1 liter with water. |
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS or SLS MW 288.38)
| 0.1% (w/v) | Dissolve 0.1 grams of SDS to a final volume of 100 ml with water or buffer. Mix by gentle stirring, do not shake. |
| 10% (w/v) | Dissolve 10 grams of SDS to a final volume of 100 ml with water. |
SDS should not be inhaled in its powder form. When weighing, use a mask, or better, a hood.
Sodium malonate (MW 104.0)
| 0.6 M | Dissolve 2.49 grams of malonic acid, sodium salt, to a final volume of 25 ml with water or buffer. |
Sodium perchlorate (NaClO
· HO MW 140.47)
| 1 M | Dissolve 14.01 grams of sodium perchlorate to a final volume of 100 ml with water or buffer. |
Sodium phosphate, monobasic (NaHPO HO MW 137.99)
| 1 M | Dissolve 14.01 grams of sodium perchlorate to a final volume of 100 ml with water or buffer. |
| 0.01 M | Dissolve 1.38 grams of monobasic sodium phosphate to a final volume of 1 liter. |
Sodium phosphate, dibasic (NaHPO · 7HO MW 268.07)
| 1 M | Dissolve 268.07 grams of dibasic sodium phosphate to a final volume of 1 liter. |
| 0.2 M | Dissolve 53.61 grams of dibasic sodium phosphate to a final volume of 1 liter. |
| 0.01 M | Dissolve 2.68 grams of dibasic sodium phosphate to a final volume of 1 liter. |
Sodium phosphate buffer
These are the most common buffers used in biology. They are produced by adding equimolar solutions of KHPO and NaHPO. Equal volumes of the two will yield a pH of 7.0, while sodium phosphate will increase the pH. Increased volumes of potassium phosphate will decrease th e pH. The pH can be adjusted from 5.4 to 8.2.
If a pH of 7.0-8.2 is desired, start with 500 ml of sodium phosphate and add potassium phosphate while stirring and monitoring the pH with a pH meter until the desired pH is reached.
If a pH of 5.4-7.0 is desired, start with 500 ml of potassium phosphate and add sodium phosphate until the desired pH is reached.
Typically, the molarity of the buffer will range from 0.01 to 0.1 M. Use the appropriate molarity of KHPO and NaHPO. That is, if 0.05 M buffer is desired, use 0.5 M KHPO and 0.5 M NaHPO as directed above.
Sodium potassium phosphate buffer
Refer to Sodium phosphate buffer.
Sodium pyrophosphate (NaPO
· 10HO MW 446.06)
| 10 mM | Dissolve 0.446 grams of NaPO · 10HO to a final volume of 100 ml with water. |
Sodium succinate (MW 270.16)
| 0.6 M | Dissolve 16.2 grams of succinic acid, sodium salt to a final volume of 100 ml with water or buffer. |
Sorbitol (MW 182.17)
| 0.33 M | Dissolve 60.12 grams of sorbitol to a final volume of 1 liter with water or buffer. |
Sorenson phosphate buffer
| 0.2 M pH 7.5 | Dissolve 24.14 grams of NaHPO and 4.08 grams of KHPO in 800 ml of water. Dilute to a final volume of 1 liter. |
Subbing solution (slides)
Refer to chrom alum gelatin.
Sucrose (MW 342.3)
| 1.0 M | Dissolve 34.2 grams of sucrose to a final volume of 100 ml with water or buffer. For other molarities, multiply the weight by the required molar concentration. For example, for 0.25 M sucrose, weight 34.2 x 0.25 or 8.55 grams to a final volume of 100 ml. |
| 40% (w/v) | Dissolve 40 grams of sucrose to a final volume of 100 ml with water or buffer. Dilute this solution for lower percent requirements. If using for sucrose density gradients, the sucrose should have 0.1 ml of diethylpyrocarbonate added, the solution brou ght to a boil for 3-5 minutes and cooled before use. This will eliminate RNAase, which would otherwise be a contaminant of the solution. Store all sucrose solutions in a refrigerator |
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4 MW 98.08)
Caution: Sulfuric acid is extremely caustic and will cause severe burns. It must always be added to the water, when making dilutions. Upon addition to water or alcohol, heat will be generated while the solution will contract in volume. Use extreme care in handling this acid.
Concentrated H2SO4 is 17.8 M or 35.6 N. 1.09 N Add 30.6 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid slowly, with constant stirring, and with adequate protection from splashes, to approximately 800 ml of water. Cool and make up volume to 1 liter with water.
Sulfurous acid (for Feulgen Reaction)
Add 1.0 ml of concentrated HCl and 0.4 grams of sodium bisulfite to 100 ml of distilled water. This solution should be made fresh prior to use. It does not store well.
Swabbing detergent
For tissue culture purposes, use a non-toxic detergent designed for surgical scrubbing. e.g. Phisohex, Betadine or equivalent. For most routine swabbing, 70% (v/v) ethanol is sufficient and has the advantage that it will leave no residue.
TEMED (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine)
Catalyst for PAGE. Use directly and add 10 l TEMED per 15 ml of gel solution.
Toluidine blue
| 0.1% (w/v) | Dissolve 0.1 grams of toluidine blue in 10 ml of ethanol and add water or citrate buffer (pH 6.8-7.2) to a final volume of 100 ml. |
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA CCl3COOH MW 163.4)
Extremely caustic acid. Handle with care.
| 72% (w/v) | Dissolve 72 grams of TCA to a final volume of 100 ml. TCA is hydroscopic and will readily absorb water. The solid crystals will become liquid if the stock bottle is placed in warm water, with a loose cap (melting point 57-58 ° C. It is easier to handle as a liquid. Storage of solutions greater than 30% (w/v) are not recommended as decomposition is rapid. Therefore these solutions should be made as needed. |
Tris buffer
| There are many variations on the basic Tris-HCl buffer combination, most of which are commercially available. Solutions with EDTA are known as TE buffers, while solutions with EDTA and acetic acid are known as TAE buffers. The terminology varies with the author, with Tris buffer being used to mean Tris-HCl solutions. Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, carries a full line of the buffers marketed under the tradename of Trizma (base and HCl). The basic buffer is a combination of Tris (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) and HCl acid. These are sometimes referred to as Tris-base and Tris-HCl solutions. Tris buffers should not be used below a pH of 7.2 or above a pH of 9.0. Tris buffers are also ex tremely temperature senstive. Directions are given for room temperature (25 ° C). The pH will decrease approximately 0.028 units for each degree decrease in temperature. | |
| 1 M | Dissolve 121 grams of Tris in 800 ml of distilled water. Adjust the pH with concentrated HCl. Dilute to a final volume of 1 liter. Lower required molarities can be diluted from this stock or mixed as combinations of lower molarities of Tris and HCl. It is important to measure the pH at the temperature an d molarity that will be used in the final analysis. |
Tri-Glycine buffer
| 5X | Dissolve 15.1 grams of tris base and 72.0 grams of glycine to a final volume of 1 liter. For use, dilute 1 part 5X buffer with 4 parts water. |
Trypan blue
| 0.2 % (w/v) | Dissolve 0.2 grams of trypan blue to a final volume of 100 ml with water. |
Trypsin
| 0.25% | 0.25% Dissolve 0.25 grams of crude trypsin in PBSA to a final volume of 100 ml. Cold sterilize by filtration. Alternatively, purchase pre-diluted crude trypsin, sold as 1:250 which is pre-sterilized as well. |
| Note: | When using trypsin for tissue disaggregation, it must be subsequently inhibited by the use of serum in the culture media, or by the addition of soya bean trypsin inhibitor. |
Trypticase soy broth
Add 17.0 grams of trypticase peptone, 3.0 grams of phytone peptone, 5.0 grams of sodium chloride, 2.5 grams of dipotassium phosphate and 2.5 grams of glucose to 1 liter of water. Adjust the pH to 7.3, and autoclave.
Tween 20 or 80 (Polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate)
| 1% (v/v) | Add 1.0 ml of Tween to 9
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