9. 強迫游泳（force swim test）、懸尾實驗（tail test）
Since some mutations cause a deficit in swimming ability, the forced swim test can be used to demonstrate normal swimming and floating ability. The test is most frequently used to examine the "learned helplessness" response common in animal models of depression.
The subject is suspended by the tail for a set interval the percentage of time the subject spends still versus moving is examined for evidence of the "learned helplessness" response common in models of depression.
懸尾實驗主要用于抗抑郁、鎮靜以及止痛類藥物的研究。懸尾實驗系統適用于大鼠、小鼠或其他實驗室動物，通過固定動物尾部使其頭向下懸掛，記錄處于該環境的動物產生絕望的不動狀態過程中的一系列參數。
10. 條件性恐懼實驗（fear conditioning）
條件性恐懼分析用于小型嚙齒類動物（大、小鼠）環境相關條件性恐懼實驗研究。抗抑郁藥和抗中樞興奮藥可以明顯縮短不動狀態持續的時間。實驗過程中，實驗對象被給與一個聲音信號，隨后給予電擊刺激。該訓練稱為條件性訓練，訓練結束后實驗動物進行聲音信號或環境聯系性實驗。一般情況下嚙齒類動物對相應的環境和不同環境下同樣的聲音信號都會做出明顯的條件性恐懼反應，如靜止不動。
The Pavlovian Fear Conditioning task allows for the assessment of
learning and memory regarding aversive events. The task allows for the
simultaneous assessment of learning about simple, unimodal cues and
learning about complex, multimodal stimuli such as context. Fear
conditioning universally depends on the integrity of the amygdala, but
context conditioning is sensitive to manipulations of the hippocampus.
This task has been used extensively to demonstrate both genetically
based impairments and enhancements in learning and memory.
11. 震驚條件反射（startle and pre-pulse inhibition）
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Basic Startle Response |
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In basic startle, startle stimuli of various intensities are presented unexpectedly. Varying startle response and habituation are recorded. |
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Pre-Pulse Inhibition |
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In Pre-Pulse Inhibition (PPI), the startle stimulus is paired with a predictive cue. In normal subjects, the "pre-pulse" cue reduces the startle amplitude. This inhibition of the startle response is known as PPI. Humans and animal models of several disease states are known to have pre-pulse inhibition deficits, including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, and PTSD. |
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Fear-Potentiated Startle |
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In Fear-Potentiated Startle, the subjects are trained to associate a neutral stimulus, such as a light cue, with an aversive stimulus. When the startle response is tested in the presence of the light cue, the startle amplitude should be potentiated, or increased. |
12．新穎物體識別（novel object recognition）
The subject is habituated to the test chamber and allowed to freely explore for a set time.
A novel object is placed in one of the two enclosures, and the percentage of time the mouse spends in the section with the new object is compared to the time spent in the section with the empty enclosure. In a later session, the time spent with the same object might be compared to time spent with a newer, more novel object.
