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  • 發布時間:2021-05-31 11:41 原文鏈接: 血小板輸注無效概述(三)

         4.3 大劑量丙種球蛋白靜注 大劑量靜注丙種球蛋白可提高60%以上自身免疫性血小板減少患者的血小板計數,缺點是僅可觀察到患者血小板增加率的改善,而對嚴重同種免疫的患者很少有效。此法費用高,療效時間短,不宜常規使用,但遇到危及生命的出血時可考慮。
         4.4 紫外線照射 紫外線照射可滅活抗原遞呈細胞(APC),在不嚴重影響血小板功能的照射劑量下,可抑制免疫反應。
         4.5 去除血小板膜上的HLA抗原 常用氯喹或枸櫞酸洗脫除去血小板膜上的HLA抗原,然而在減少血小板膜上HLA抗原的同時,血小板的質量也受到了影響,因此該法現在很少再用。
         4.6 使用免疫抑制劑 應用免疫抑制劑對逆轉同種免疫有一定效果,而抗體的減少發生在用藥后至少2周,對要求血小板支持療法即刻見效的患者不適宜。
         4.7 血漿置換 對腎移植后產生免疫反應的患者進行血漿置換加免疫抑制聯合治療清除同種抗體已獲成功,且用血漿加葡萄糖球菌蛋白A免疫吸附后,再輸血小板,PTR狀態將有所改善。
         4.8 放射線照射 Dzik等[38]用劑量為5—15Gy的射線照射血小板,以破壞血小板表面HLA同種抗原,抑制免疫反應的發生,取得了比較滿意的效果。目前一般認為血小板的γ?射線照射劑量以20—30Gy為宜[39]。
         4.9 自體血小板的輸注 若缺少合適的獻血者,可考慮事先單采骨髓恢復期患者的血小板并加以冷凍保存,在血小板減少癥發生時使用。 
         5 展望

         實驗室快速敏感的抗體篩查和鑒定對PTR的臨床治療至關重要。現在篩查抗體仍然采用新鮮或液氮冷凍保存的血小板譜,血小板凍干保存技術便于抗體篩查細胞的標準化制備,也許可以成為保存已知分型血小板的常規方法;可溶性重組HPA抗原用于抗體的檢測目前存在敏感性低的缺點,如果應用新型檢測平臺如luminex xMAP磁珠技術有望解決該問題。血小板抗原分型已經從血清學邁向了基因分型時代,第五代芯片技術也許在不久的將來會成為常規分型方法,從而使篩查已知HPA型別的供者更快捷。

         近年來使用血小板生成素或實驗性血小板替代物來減少血小板的輸注,但均沒有獲得完全成功。隨機研究發現,對接受誘導和鞏固化療的AML患者,使用重組巨核細胞生長和發育因子,不能明顯減少血小板輸注或加快血小板恢復,而對外科性血小板減少則有很好的療效[40,41]。也有報道使用重組活性因子Ⅶ治療血小板減少取得了良好的療效[42—44]。在可預見的將來,可行的血小板輸注對止血仍然起著至關重要的作用,因此,同種異體免疫的治療和預防將仍是重要的挑戰。
        

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