《科學》（20231020出版）一周論文導讀

原文地址：http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2023/10/510717.shtm

編譯 | 李言

Science,  20 OCT 2023, Volume 382 Issue 6668

《科學》2023年10月20日，第382卷，6668期

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地球科學Earth Sciences

Rapid ozone depletion after humidification of the stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga Eruption

湯加火山噴發使平流層加濕后導致的快速臭氧耗損

▲ 作者：STEPHANIE EVAN , JEROME BRIOUDE et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adg2551

▲ 摘要：

2022年1月15日湯加火山的噴發為探索熱帶火山噴發對平流層的早期影響提供了很好的機會。在留尼汪島附近的氣球觀測顯示，從火山噴出的水蒸氣量非常巨大。平流層濕度的增加、輻射冷卻和火山羽流中氣溶膠表面積的擴大為熱帶平流層在短短一周內迅速消耗5%的臭氧創造了理想條件。

氯化氫體積減少了0.4 ppbv，而一氧化氯體積增加了0.4 ppbv，這為火山羽流中氯的活化提供了令人信服的證據。這項研究增強了我們對火山噴發對平流層化學的影響的理解，并提供了在氣候變化中可能會發生的化學變化的見解。

▲ Abstract：

The eruption of the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai volcano on 15 January 2022 offered a good opportunity to explore the early impacts of tropical volcanic eruptions on stratospheric composition. Balloon-borne observations near Réunion Island revealed the unprecedented amount of water vapor injected by the volcano. The enhanced stratospheric humidity, radiative cooling, and expanded aerosol surface area in the volcanic plume created the ideal conditions for swift ozone depletion of 5% in the tropical stratosphere in just 1 week. The decrease in hydrogen chloride by 0.4 parts per million by volume (ppbv) and the increase in chlorine monoxide by 0.4 ppbv provided compelling evidence for chlorine activation within the volcanic plume. This study enhances our understanding of the effect of this unusual volcanic eruption on stratospheric chemistry and provides insights into possible chemistry changes that may occur in a changing climate.

天文學Astronomy

A luminous fast radio burst that probes the Universe at redshift 1

在紅移1探測宇宙的明亮快速射電暴

▲ 作者：S. D. RYDER, K. W. BANNISTER et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adf2678

▲ 摘要：

快速射電暴（FRBs）是源自河外距離的毫秒持續時間的射電脈沖。無線電色散是通過介入性等離子體傳遞給爆發的，這些等離子體大多位于星系間介質中。在這項研究中，我們觀測到了FRB 20220610A，并將其定位于一個形態復雜的宿主星系系統，紅移為1.016±0.002。

爆發紅移和色散測量與星系間介質中等離子體柱的穿越一致，并擴展了在較低紅移測量的那些量之間的關系。這個電暴顯示了通過額外的湍流磁化等離子體的證據，可能與宿主星系有關。

▲ Abstract：

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond-duration pulses of radio emission originating from extragalactic distances. Radio dispersion is imparted on each burst by intervening plasma, mostly located in the intergalactic medium. In this work, we observe the burst FRB 20220610A and localize it to a morphologically complex host galaxy system at redshift 1.016 ± 0.002. The burst redshift and dispersion measure are consistent with passage through a substantial column of plasma in the intergalactic medium and extend the relationship between those quantities measured at lower redshift. The burst shows evidence for passage through additional turbulent magnetized plasma, potentially associated with the host galaxy.

植物學Botany

Idiosyncratic and dose-dependent epistasis drives variation in tomato fruit size

特異性和劑量依賴上位性影響番茄果實大小的變異

▲ 作者：LYNDSEY AGUIRRE, ANAT HENDELMAN et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adi5222

▲ 摘要：

在這項研究中，我們使用植物干細胞回路中的天然和工程順式調控等位基因來系統地評估控制番茄果實大小的上位性關系。我們將一個啟動子等位基因系列與另外兩個基因座相結合，從46個基因型中收集了超過30000個表型數據點，以量化等位基因強度如何轉化上位性。

我們揭示了飽和劑量依賴關系以及等位基因特異性特異性相互作用，包括在馴化過程中驅動果實大小變化的等位基因之間的相互作用。我們的方法和發現揭示了一個未被充分探索的上位性維度，其中基因調控網絡中的順式調控等位基因多樣性引發了非線性的、不可預測的相互作用，這些相互作用形成了表型。

▲ Abstract：

In this study, we used natural and engineered cis-regulatory alleles in a plant stem-cell circuit to systematically evaluate epistatic relationships controlling tomato fruit size. Combining a promoter allelic series with two other loci, we collected over 30,000 phenotypic data points from 46 genotypes to quantify how allele strength transforms epistasis. We revealed a saturating dose-dependent relationship but also allele-specific idiosyncratic interactions, including between alleles driving a step change in fruit size during domestication. Our approach and findings expose an underexplored dimension of epistasis, in which cis-regulatory allelic diversity within gene regulatory networks elicits nonlinear, unpredictable interactions that shape phenotypes.

生態學Ecology

Agriculture and hot temperatures interactively erode the nest success of habitat generalist birds across the United States

農業和高溫的相互作用，影響了美國各地棲息地鳥類的筑巢成功率

▲ 作者：KATHERINE S. LAUCK , ALISON KE et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.add2915

▲ 摘要：

生活環境轉換和氣候變化是全球生物多樣性降低的根本驅動因素，但這些因素往往被單獨地分析。我們使用了一個長達數十年的大陸尺度數據庫，其中包含超過150000個鳥類筑巢數據，以探索極端高溫如何影響美國各地森林、草原，以及農業和發達地區的鳥類繁殖情況。

我們發現，在森林中的極端高溫增加了筑巢的成功率，但在農業環境中筑巢的鳥類在溫度達到異常高的水平時，成功孵出幼鳥的可能性要小得多。在農業環境中，建造暴露的杯狀巢穴和高度保護的鳥類特別容易受到異常高溫的影響。最后，我們對未來的預測表明，持續的氣候變化可能會加劇棲息地轉換對鳥類筑巢成功的負面影響，從而危及人類主導地區的保護工作。

▲ Abstract：

Habitat conversion and climate change are fundamental drivers of biodiversity loss worldwide but are often analyzed in isolation. We used a continental-scale, decades-long database of more than 150,000 bird nesting attempts to explore how extreme heat affects avian reproduction in forests, grasslands, and agricultural and developed areas across the US. We found that in forests, extreme heat increased nest success, but birds nesting in agricultural settings were much less likely to successfully fledge young when temperatures reached anomalously high levels. Species that build exposed cup nests and species of higher conservation concern were particularly vulnerable to maximum temperature anomalies in agricultural settings. Finally, future projections suggested that ongoing climate change may exacerbate the negative effects of habitat conversion on avian nesting success, thereby compromising conservation efforts in human-dominated landscapes.

The collapse of eastern Bering Sea snow crab白令海東部雪蟹的急劇減少

▲ 作者：CODY S. SZUWALSKI, KERIM AYDIN, ERIN J. FEDEWA et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adf6035

▲ 摘要：

雪蟹是白令海的標志性物種，它是當地漁業的重要支柱，受到廣泛的監測和管理。自2018年以來，白令海東部已經有超過100億只雪蟹消失，2021年的數量降至歷史最低點。我們認為這種數量上的“雪崩”與2018年及2019年白令海東部的海洋熱浪相關。

計算出的熱量需求、減少的空間分布和觀察到的身體狀況表明，饑餓在這場消失中起了重要作用。這一死亡事件似乎是全球海洋熱浪造成的最大的活動海洋大型動物損失之一。

▲ Abstract：

The snow crab is an iconic species in the Bering Sea that supports an economically important fishery and undergoes extensive monitoring and management. Since 2018, more than 10 billion snow crab have disappeared from the eastern Bering Sea, and the population collapsed to historical lows in 2021. We link this collapse to a marine heatwave in the eastern Bering Sea during 2018 and 2019. Calculated caloric requirements, reduced spatial distribution, and observed body conditions suggest that starvation played a role in the collapse. The mortality event appears to be one of the largest reported losses of motile marine macrofauna to marine heatwaves globally.

Periodical cicadas disrupt trophic dynamics through community-level shifts in avian foraging周期蟬對鳥類覓食的群落型轉變破壞了營養動力學

▲ 作者：ZOE L. GETMAN-PICKERING, GRACE J. SOLTIS et al.

▲ 鏈接：https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.adi7426

▲ 摘要：

每隔13或17年，在北美東部的落葉林中，數十億只周期蟬同時破土而出，短暫地滿足了各種各樣的捕食者，為評估生態系統范圍內的資源脈動對復雜食物網的級聯影響提供了難得的機會。

我們量化了對2021年17年蟬生存的影響，并發現超過80種鳥類機動地改變了它們的覓食方式，將蟬納入食物范圍，減少了對草食性昆蟲的捕食，基本上使毛蟲密度和宿主橡樹上累積的草食性昆蟲數量翻了一番。周期蟬這種短暫但大規模的突發情況幫助我們了解資源變化如何重新連接相互作用網絡，破壞生態系統中的能量流動，并可能產生持久的影響。

▲ Abstract：