《科學》（20240517出版）一周論文導讀

Science, Volume 384, Issue 6697, 17 May 2024

《科學》，第384卷，6697期，2024年5月17日

化學Chemistry

Delocalized, asynchronous, closed-loop discovery of organic laser emitters

非定域、非同步、閉環有機激光發射器的發現

▲ 作者：FELIX STRIETH-KALTHOFF, HAN HAO, VANDANA RATHORE, JOSHUA DERASP, THéOPHILE GAUDIN, NICHOLAS H. ANGELLO, MARTIN SEIFRID, EKATERINA TRUSHINA, MASON GUY, AND ALáN ASPURU-GUZIK

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9227

▲ 摘要：

最近在實驗自動化和人工智能（AI）集成方面的進展為“自動駕駛實驗室”奠定了基礎，但它們仍然局限于簡單的概念驗證實驗。

研究者引入了異步基于云的離域閉環（ACDC）發現的概念，以在單個發現活動中驅動多個地理分布的平臺，其中每個單元作為獨立的異步工作者運行，執行由中央AI實體計劃的實驗。

ACDC概念已經成功地應用于尋找具有最先進激光性能的有機固體激光增益材料，這是一個具有挑戰性的科學問題，進展緩慢，從而展示了這種閉環運動的力量。

▲ Abstract：

Recent advances in experimental automation and integration with artificial intelligence (AI) have laid the foundation for so-called “self-driving labs,” but they remained limited to simple proof-of-concept experiments. Strieth-Kalthoff et al. introduced the concept of asynchronous cloud-based delocalized closed-loop (ACDC) discovery to drive multiple geographically distributed platforms in a single discovery campaign in which each unit operates as an independent, asynchronous worker executing experiments planned by a central AI entity. The ACDC concept has been successfully applied in the search for organic solid-state laser gain materials with state-of-the-art lasing performance, a challenging scientific problem with slow progress, thereby demonstrating the power of this closed-loop campaign.

Bandgap-universal passivation enables stable perovskite solar cells with low photovoltage loss

帶隙通用鈍化使穩定的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池具有低光電壓損失

▲ 作者：YEN-HUNG LIN, VIKRAM, FENGNING YANG, XUE-LI CAO, AKASH DASGUPTA, ROBERT D. J. OLIVER, ALEKSANDER M. ULATOWSKI, MELISSA M. MCCARTHY, XINYI SHEN, AND HENRY J. SNAITH

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado2302

▲ 摘要：

金屬鹵化物鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的效率和壽命通常由非輻射缺陷介導的電荷重組決定。在這項工作中，我們展示了一種基于蒸汽的氨基硅烷鈍化方法，可以將帶隙在1.6到1.8電子伏之間的鈣鈦礦太陽能電池的光電壓缺陷降低到約100毫伏（>熱力學極限的90%），這對于串聯應用至關重要。

伯胺、仲胺或叔胺硅烷單獨對鈣鈦礦結晶度和電荷輸運產生負面或幾乎沒有影響，但結合伯胺和仲胺的氨基硅烷的光致發光量子產率可提高60倍，并保持遠距離傳導。

氨基硅烷處理的器件在85℃的全光譜陽光和開路條件下，在相對濕度為50%至60%的環境空氣中，保持95%的功率轉換效率超過1500小時。

▲ Abstract：

The efficiency and longevity of metal-halide perovskite solar cells are typically dictated by nonradiative defect-mediated charge recombination. In this work, we demonstrate a vapor-based amino-silane passivation that reduces photovoltage deficits to around 100 millivolts (>90% of the thermodynamic limit) in perovskite solar cells of bandgaps between 1.6 and 1.8 electron volts, which is crucial for tandem applications. A primary-, secondary-, or tertiary-amino–silane alone negatively or barely affected perovskite crystallinity and charge transport, but amino-silanes that incorporate primary and secondary amines yield up to a 60-fold increase in photoluminescence quantum yield and preserve long-range conduction. Amino-silane–treated devices retained 95% power conversion efficiency for more than 1500 hours under full-spectrum sunlight at 85°C and open-circuit conditions in ambient air with a relative humidity of 50 to 60%.

物理學Physics

Global band convergence design for high-performance thermoelectric power generation in Zintls

Zintls高性能熱電發電的全球波段收斂設計

作者：XIN SHI, SHAOWEI SONG, GUANHUI GAO, AND ZHIFENG REN

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn7265

▲ 摘要：

Zintl材料由于其廣泛的成分和可調的性質，在熱電應用中具有吸引力。作者設計了一種方法，可以快速找到四種母體化合物中哪些材料具有改善熱電性能的電子能帶結構。

通過對幾種成分的鑒定，表明其中的最佳成分具有良好的長期和高溫穩定性。這種化合物可以與另一種鋅鈦材料配對，制成在中等溫度下具有吸引力的熱電性能的裝置。

▲ Abstract：

Zintl materials can be attractive for thermoelectric applications because of their wide range of compositions and tunable properties. Shi et al. devised a method to quickly find which materials from four parent compounds have electronic band structures that improve thermoelectric performance. After identifying several compositions, the authors showed that the best of these has good long-term and high temperature stability. This compound can be paired with another zintl material to make a device that has attractive thermoelectric performance at midrange temperatures.

Diamond-lattice photonic crystals assembled from DNA origami

由DNA折紙組裝的鉆石晶格光子晶體

▲ 作者：GREGOR POSNJAK, XIN YIN, PAUL BUTLER, OLIVER BIENEK, MIHIR DASS, SEUNGWOO LEE, IAN D. SHARP, AND TIM LIEDL

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl2733

▲ 摘要：

膠體自組裝允許在微米和亞微米尺度上合理設計結構。一種可以產生完整的三維光子帶隙的結構是金剛石立方晶格，它仍然很難在與可見光或紫外光波長相當的長度尺度上實現。研究者展示了由DNA折紙自組裝的三維光子晶體，作為精確可編程的斑塊膠體。

這一基于DNA的納米級四足動物結晶成一個周期為170納米的棒狀連接的金剛石立方晶格。這種結構可以作為高折射率材料（如二氧化鈦）原子層沉積的支架，在近紫外中產生可調諧的光子帶隙。

▲ Abstract：

Colloidal self-assembly allows rational design of structures on the micrometer and submicrometer scale. One architecture that can generate complete three-dimensional photonic bandgaps is the diamond cubic lattice, which has remained difficult to realize at length scales comparable with the wavelength of visible or ultraviolet light. In this work, we demonstrate three-dimensional photonic crystals self-assembled from DNA origami that act as precisely programmable patchy colloids. Our DNA-based nanoscale tetrapods crystallize into a rod-connected diamond cubic lattice with a periodicity of 170 nanometers. This structure serves as a scaffold for atomic-layer deposition of high–refractive index materials such as titanium dioxide, yielding a tunable photonic bandgap in the near-ultraviolet.

行為學Ethology

Tool use increases mechanical foraging success and tooth health in southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis)

工具的使用增加了南方海獺的機械覓食成功率和牙齒健康

▲ 作者：CHRIS J. LAW , M. TIM TINKER, JESSICA A. FUJII, TERI NICHOLSON, MICHELLE STAEDLER, JOSEPH A. TOMOLEONI, COLLEEN YOUNG AND RITA S. MEHTA

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj6608

▲ 摘要：

雖然工具的使用可以提高資源利用率，但其適應度效益難以衡量。通過對196只帶有無線電標記的南方海獺的縱向數據進行研究，研究者發現使用工具的個體，特別是雌性，能夠獲得更大或更硬殼的獵物。

這些機械優勢轉化為減少食品加工過程中牙齒的損傷。作者還發現，工具的使用減少了獲取不同獵物、牙齒狀況和能量攝入之間的權衡，所有這些都取決于環境中獵物的相對可用性。

工具的使用使個體能夠通過處理其他獵物來維持能量需求，而這些獵物通常僅靠撕咬是無法獲得的，這表明這種行為是一些水獺在首選獵物枯竭的環境中生存的必要條件。

▲ Abstract：

Although tool use may enhance resource utilization, its fitness benefits are difficult to measure. By examining longitudinal data from 196 radio-tagged southern sea otters, we found that tool-using individuals, particularly females, gained access to larger and/or harder-shelled prey. These mechanical advantages translated to reduced tooth damage during food processing. We also found that tool use diminishes trade-offs between access to different prey, tooth condition, and energy intake, all of which are dependent on the relative prey availability in the environment. Tool use allowed individuals to maintain energetic requirements through the processing of alternative prey that are typically inaccessible with biting alone, suggesting that this behavior is a necessity for the survival of some otters in environments where preferred prey are depleted.

How power shapes behavior: Evidence from physicians

權力如何塑造行為：來自醫生的證據

▲ 作者：STEPHEN D. SCHWAB AND MANASVINI SINGH

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl3835

▲ 摘要：

權力——對寶貴資源的不對稱控制——影響著大多數人類互動。盡管用真實世界的數據來研究權力具有挑戰性，但一個獨特的數據集使我們能夠在醫患關系的關鍵背景下進行研究。在美國軍事急診科使用150萬準隨機分配，研究者檢查了醫生和病人之間的權力差異如何影響醫生的行為。

研究結果表明，權力賦予了非同一般的優勢：“高權力”的病人比同等地位的“低權力”的病人獲得更多的資源和更好的結果。病人的晉升甚至增加了醫生的努力。

此外，如果低權力的病人的醫生同時照顧高權力的病人，他們就會感到痛苦。醫患在種族和性別方面的一致性也很重要。總體而言，權力驅動的行為變異會傷害衛生保健機構中最脆弱的人群。

▲ Abstract：

Power—the asymmetric control of valued resources—affects most human interactions. Although power is challenging to study with real-world data, a distinctive dataset allowed us to do so within the critical context of doctor-patient relationships. Using 1.5 million quasi-random assignments in US military emergency departments, we examined how power differentials between doctor and patient (measured by using differences in military ranks) affect physician behavior. Our findings indicate that power confers nontrivial advantages: “High-power” patients (who outrank their physician) receive more resources and have better outcomes than equivalently ranked “low-power” patients. Patient promotions even increase physician effort. Furthermore, low-power patients suffer if their physician concurrently cares for a high-power patient. Doctor-patient concordance on race and sex also matters. Overall, power-driven variation in behavior can harm the most vulnerable populations in health care settings.