《自然》（20240718出版）一周論文導讀

Nature, 18 July 2024, Volume 631 Issue 8021

《自然》2024年7月18日，第631卷，8021期

材料科學Materials Science

Electron holography observation of individual ferrimagnetic lattice planes

單個鐵磁晶格面的電子全息觀測

▲ 作者：Toshiaki Tanigaki, Tetsuya Akashi et al.

▲鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07673-w

▲摘要：

在此，我們報告在無磁場條件下，利用數字后像差校正輔助的硬件型像差校正器以及電子全息技術，觀察到具有非均勻結構的材料內部的單個晶格平面的磁場。

我們成功地觀察了鐵磁性雙鈣鈦礦氧化物（Ba2FeMoO6）中由Fe3+和Mo5+相反自旋順序形成的(111)晶格面的凈磁矩磁相。這一結果為直接觀測許多材料和器件中局部區域（如界面和晶界）的磁晶格開辟新途徑。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report that the magnetic fields of an individual lattice plane inside materials with a non-uniform structure can be observed under magnetic-field-free conditions by electron holography with a hardware-type aberration corrector assisted by post-digital aberration correction. The magnetic phases of the net magnetic moments of (111) lattice planes formed by opposite spin orderings between Fe3+ and Mo5+ in a ferrimagnetic double-perovskite oxide (Ba2FeMoO6) were successfully observed. This result opens the door to direct observations of the magnetic lattice in local areas, such as interfaces and grain boundaries, in many materials and devices.

工程學Engineering

Sunlight-powered sustained flight of an ultralight micro aerial vehicle

陽光動力持續飛行的超輕微型飛行器

▲ 作者：Wei Shen, Jinzhe Peng et al.

▲鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07609-4

▲摘要：

太陽光動力是提高超輕型MAVs續航能力的潛在替代方案，但由于飛行器有限的有效載荷能力，二傳統推進系統的升力功率效率較低，以往的研究尚未實現完全由太陽光驅動的MAVs持續飛行。

在此，為了解決這些問題，我們推出靜電飛行器CoulombFly，它由30.7 g W-1的高升力—功率效率的靜電驅動推進系統和功耗低至0.568 W的超輕千伏電源系統組成，以實現太陽能驅動的MAVs在自然光照條件下（920 W m-2）的持續飛行。

該飛行器的總質量僅為4.21克，僅為現有最輕的太陽能飛行器的1/600。

▲ Abstract：

Sunlight power is a potential alternative to improve the endurance of ultralight MAVs, but owing to the restricted payload capacity of the vehicle and low lift-to-power efficiency of traditional propulsion systems, previous studies have not achieved untethered sustained flight of MAVs fully powered by natural sunlight. Here, to address these challenges, we introduce the CoulombFly, an electrostatic flyer consisting of an electrostatic-driven propulsion system with a high lift-to-power efficiency of 30.7 g W-1 and an ultralight kilovolt power system with a low power consumption of 0.568?W, to realize solar-powered sustained flight of an MAV under natural sunlight conditions (920 W m-2). The vehicle’s total mass is only 4.21?g, within 1/600 of the existing lightest sunlight-powered aerial vehicle.

化學Chemistry

Mechanical release of homogenous proteins from supramolecular gels

超分子凝膠中均質蛋白的機械釋放

▲ 作者：Simona Bianco, Muhammad Hasan et al.

▲鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07580-0

▲摘要：

在此，我們設計了一種堅硬的水凝膠，即使在50°C下也能穩定蛋白質，防止熱變性，并且與現有技術不同，它可以通過從注射器中機械釋放出純的、不含賦形劑的蛋白質。

大分子可以在不影響釋放機制的情況下以高達10 wt%的重量加載。這種獨特的穩定性和無賦形劑釋放協同作用提供了一種實用的、可擴展的和通用的解決方案，使低成本、無冷鏈和公平的全球治療交付成為可能。

▲ Abstract：

Here we designed a stiff hydrogel that stabilizes proteins against thermal denaturation even at 50°C, and that can, unlike present technologies, deliver pure, excipient-free protein by mechanically releasing it from a syringe. Macromolecules can be loaded at up to 10wt% without affecting the mechanism of release. This unique stabilization and excipient-free release synergy offers a practical, scalable and versatile solution to enable the low-cost, cold-chain-free and equitable delivery of therapies worldwide.

Chemical reservoir computation in a self-organizing reaction network

自組織反應網絡中的化學儲層計算

▲ 作者：Mathieu G. Baltussen, Thijs J. de Jong et al.

▲鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07567-x

▲摘要：

在此，我們報告一種基于聚糖反應的化學儲層計算機。我們展示了這個復雜的、自組織的化學反應網絡如何并行地執行幾個非線性分類任務，預測其他復雜系統的動態并實現時間序列預測。

這在化學信息處理系統中為復雜化學反應網絡的新興計算能力提供了證明，并為一類新的仿生信息處理系統提供可能。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report on the discovery and implementation of a chemical reservoir computer based on the formose reaction. We demonstrate how this complex, self-organizing chemical reaction network can perform several nonlinear classification tasks in parallel, predict the dynamics of other complex systems and achieve time-series forecasting. This in chemico information processing system provides proof of principle for the emergent computational capabilities of complex chemical reaction networks, paving the way for a new class of biomimetic information processing systems.

生態學Ecology

Human degradation of tropical moist forests is greater than previously estimated

人類對熱帶潮濕森林的破壞比此前估計的更為嚴重

▲ 作者：C. Bourgoin, G. Ceccherini et al.

▲鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07629-0

▲摘要：

在此，通過將衛星遙感數據與星載光探測和測距（LiDAR）估算的冠層高度和生物量相結合，我們量化了多種類型森林結構退化的程度和持久性。我們估計，由于選擇性采伐和火災，森林高度分別下降了15%和50%，即使在20年后恢復率也很低。

農業和道路擴張導致森林邊緣的冠層高度和生物量減少20%至30%，其持續影響甚至可以在森林內1.5公里處測量到。邊緣效應侵蝕了剩余熱帶濕潤森林的18%（約206公頃），面積比先前估計的大200%以上。最后，冠層損失超過50%的退化森林更容易被砍伐。

綜上，我們的研究呼吁加大努力防止退化和保護已經退化的森林，以實現最近在聯合國氣候變化和生物多樣性會議上作出的承諾。

▲ Abstract：

Here we quantify the magnitude and persistence of multiple types of degradation on forest structure by combining satellite remote sensing data on pantropical moist forest cover changes with estimates of canopy height and biomass from spaceborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR). We estimate that forest height decreases owing to selective logging and fire by 15% and 50%, respectively, with low rates of recovery even after 20 years. Agriculture and road expansion trigger a 20% to 30% reduction in canopy height and biomass at the forest edge, with persistent effects being measurable up to 1.5km inside the forest. Edge effects encroach on 18% (approximately 206 Mha) of the remaining tropical moist forests, an area more than 200% larger than previously estimated. Finally, degraded forests with more than 50% canopy loss are significantly more vulnerable to subsequent deforestation. Collectively, our findings call for greater efforts to prevent degradation and protect already degraded forests to meet the conservation pledges made at recent United Nations Climate Change and Biodiversity conferences.

古生物學Paleontology

Giant stem tetrapod was apex predator in Gondwanan late Palaeozoic ice age

巨型干群四足動物是岡瓦納晚古生代冰河時期的頂級捕食者

▲ 作者：Claudia A. Marsicano, Jason D. Pardo et al.

▲鏈接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07572-0

▲摘要：

在此，我們描述一種來自納米比亞高古緯度（約南緯55度）早二疊世（約2.8億年前）沉積物的新的巨型四足動物，Gaiasia jennyae。Gaiasia包括幾個大的半聯骨骼，其特征是弱骨化的頭骨、關節松散的口蓋、寬闊的菱形副蝶骨、后凸的枕骨，以及擴大的、交錯咬合的齒骨和冠狀齒。

系統發育分析表明，在四足動物干群中，Gaiasia是來自歐亞美利加的石炭紀Colosteidae的姊妹類群。Gaiasia比之前描述的所有干群四足動物都要大，它提供的證據表明，在石炭紀—二疊紀冰川消融的最后階段，大陸四足動物在岡瓦納寒溫帶地區已經很好地存在了。

這表明在石炭紀—二疊紀過渡時期，大陸四足動物在全球范圍內的分布更為廣泛，并且必須重新考慮先前關于全球四足動物更替和分散的假設。

▲ Abstract：

Here we describe a new giant stem tetrapod, Gaiasia jennyae, from high-palaeolatitude (about 55° S) early Permian-aged (about 280?million years ago) deposits in Namibia that challenges this scenario. Gaiasia is represented by several large, semi-articulated skeletons characterized by a weakly ossified skull with a loosely articulated palate dominated by a broad diamond-shaped parasphenoid, a posteriorly projecting occiput, and enlarged, interlocking dentary and coronoid fangs. Phylogenetic analysis resolves Gaiasia within the tetrapod stem group as the sister taxon of the Carboniferous Colosteidae from Euramerica. Gaiasia is larger than all previously described digited stem tetrapods and provides evidence that continental tetrapods were well established in the cold-temperate latitudes of Gondwana during the final phases of the Carboniferous–Permian deglaciation. This points to a more global distribution of continental tetrapods during the Carboniferous–Permian transition and indicates that previous hypotheses of global tetrapod faunal turnover and dispersal at this time2,3 must be reconsidered.